{"id":158,"date":"2022-08-09T05:22:35","date_gmt":"2022-08-09T05:22:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edbalt.com\/?p=158"},"modified":"2023-07-30T22:40:57","modified_gmt":"2023-07-31T03:40:57","slug":"chaco-mesa-verde-terra-incognita","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edbalt.com\/index.php\/2022\/08\/09\/chaco-mesa-verde-terra-incognita\/","title":{"rendered":"Chaco & Mesa Verde: Terra Incognita (\u67e5\u79d1\u548c\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\uff1a\u672a\u77e5\u4e4b\u5730)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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@Long House, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Long House, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Long House Overlook, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Mug House, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Mug House, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Mug House, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Wetherill Mesa<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\u4e00\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f53\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u97e6\u745f\u91cc\u5c14\uff08Richard Wetherill\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u59d0\u592b\u6885\u68ee\u5728 1888 \u5e74\u7684\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u6765\u5230\u53f0\u5730\u8fb9\u7f18\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u7247\u5ce1\u8c37\u91cc\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u53d8\u4e86\u3002\u900f\u8fc7\u6f2b\u5929\u98d8\u626c\u7684\u96ea\u82b1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u725b\u4ed4\u4f9d\u7a00\u5206\u8fa8\u51fa\u5ce1\u8c37\u5bf9\u9762\u60ac\u5d16\u4e0a\u5982\u540c\u96d5\u523b\u51fa\u7684\u5c42\u5c42\u53e0\u53e0\u7684\u623f\u5c4b\u3002\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u5341\u51e0\u5929\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u901a\u5f80\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88ab\u4ed6\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u60ac\u5d16\u5bab\u201d\u7684\u5c71\u95f4\u5c0f\u8def\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u82b1\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u8d70\u904d\u4e86\u60ac\u5d16\u5bab\u7684\u6570\u767e\u4e2a\u623f\u95f4\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6885\u68ee\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6361\u8d77\u51e0\u4ef6\u4ed6\u4eec\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4e00\u628a\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u67c4\u7684\u77f3\u65a7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When Richard Wetherill and his brother-in-law Mason arrived at the edge of the mesa in December 1888, everything in this canyon changed. Through the swirling snowflakes, the two cowboys faintly discerned a series of intricately carved houses on the cliff opposite the canyon. Over the next few weeks, they found a trail leading to this place they would later call the “Cliff Palace.” They spent several hours exploring the hundreds of rooms within the Cliff Palace. According to Mason’s recollection, they picked up several items of interest, including a stone axe that still had its handle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u5148\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u5904\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u60ca\u7684\u9057\u8ff9\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4e16\u4ee3\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u72b9\u4ed6\u4eba\uff08Ute\uff09\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5916\u6765\u7684\u6355\u730e\u8005\u3001\u63a2\u77ff\u8005\u548c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u90fd\u66fe\u62dc\u8bbf\u8fc7\u8fd9\u7247\u5730\u533a\u3002\u4f46\u76f8\u6bd4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77ed\u6682\u505c\u7559\u7684\u5916\u6765\u8005\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u672c\u5730\u7684\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u6709\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4ed4\u7ec6\u63a2\u7d22\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u5728\u8fd9\u7247\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5c71\u5730\u4e2d\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u8005\u5145\u5f53\u5411\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They were likely not the first to discover this astonishing archaeological site. Before they documented everything, many outsiders, such as hunters, prospectors, and missionaries, had visited the area, apart from the indigenous Ute people who had been living nearby for generations. However, unlike these transient visitors, Richard, being a local resident, had ample time to thoroughly explore the region, and eventually served as a guide for later explorers in this intricate mountainous terrain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u60ac\u5d16\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u58ee\u4e3d\u9057\u8ff9\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u8f70\u52a8\u4e86\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u30021891 \u5e74\uff0c\u524d\u6765\u63a2\u9669\u4e0e\u6316\u6398\u7684\u4eba\u4e2d\u591a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u81ea\u745e\u5178\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8bfa\u767b\u65af\u57fa\u5fb7\uff08Nordenskiold\uff09\u3002\u719f\u6089\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u4ed6\u6559\u4f1a\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6316\u6398\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e26\u8d70\u4e86\u9057\u5740\u4e2d\u5927\u6279\u6700\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6587\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u4e16\u4eba\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u6570\u5f20\u73cd\u8d35\u9057\u5740\u7167\u7247\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u7b49\u5730\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u5199\u6210\u4e86\u300a\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u7684\u60ac\u5d16\u5c45\u6c11\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5730\u5904\u504f\u8fdc\u800c\u4ea4\u901a\u4e0d\u4fbf\uff0c\u8bfa\u767b\u65af\u57fa\u5fb7\u7684\u7167\u7247\u548c\u63cf\u8ff0\u8ba9\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u89c1\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u5904\u5947\u8ff9\uff0c\u5e76\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7acb\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Above the cliffs, news of the magnificent ruins spread rapidly worldwide. In 1891, another explorer and excavator, a scholar from Sweden named Nordenskiold arrived. Proficient in geology and chemistry, he taught the locals scientific excavation techniques, took away numerous valuable artifacts from the site, and left behind several precious photos of the ruins. He chronicled his experiences in places like Mesa Verde in a book titled “The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde”. Due to its remote location and difficult accessibility, Nordenskiold’s photos and descriptions introduced many people for the first time to this wonder. This strengthened the determination to protect it through legislation by the United States government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u767e\u4f59\u5e74\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u60ac\u5d16\u5bab\u4f9d\u65e7\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u5f53\u5e74\u7167\u7247\u91cc\u7684\u98ce\u8c8c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over a century has passed, yet today’s Cliff Palace still retains the appearance captured in those old photos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u4e8e\u60ac\u5d16\u5bab\u3002\u60ac\u5d16\u5bab\u53ea\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u4e2d\u516d\u767e\u591a\u5ea7\u60ac\u5d16\u4f4f\u5b85\u91cc\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9690\u853d\u5728\u5d16\u58c1\u51f9\u69fd\u7684\u9ad8\u8038\u4f4f\u5b85\u5927\u591a\u5efa\u9020\u4e8e\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u9f0e\u76db\u7684\u5341\u4e8c\u4e2d\u53f6\u81f3\u5341\u4e09\u4e16\u7eaa\uff08\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u6587\u660e\u4e09\u671f\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Certainly, the significance of Mesa Verde extends beyond just the Cliff Palace. The Cliff Palace is merely the largest among over 600 cliff dwellings within the entire national park. These towering residences hidden in alcoves along the cliff walls were mostly constructed during Mesa Verde’s heyday from the 12th to the 13th century, a period also known as the Ancestral Puebloan civilization’s “Classic” or “Pueblo III” era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u5357\u65b9\u5176\u4ed6\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5e72\u65f1\u800c\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u56db\u9762\u516b\u65b9\u7684\u7a20\u5bc6\u4eba\u53e3\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u7cbe\u7ec6\u7684\u9676\u5668\u548c\u8015\u79cd\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u805a\u96c6\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0d\u7b97\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u60ac\u5d16\u8c37\u5730\u3002\u8fd9\u7247\u6df1\u5c71\u4e2d\u7684\u8352\u51c9\u5730\u5e26\u6447\u8eab\u4e00\u53d8\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u6587\u660e\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Due to widespread droughts, many other settlements of the Ancestral Puebloans to the south collapsed. As a result, a dense population from various regions congregated in this less arid cliff valley, bringing with them sophisticated pottery and farming techniques. This once remote and barren area in the mountains transformed into the center of the Ancestral Puebloan civilization, flourishing with life and culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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@Twenty-room House, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Sunset House, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Fifteen-room House, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Cliff Palace, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Oak Tree House, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Fire Temple, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Mesa Top Loop<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u9057\u8ff9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u60ac\u5d16\u5efa\u7b51\u6709\u7740\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4ee5\u53ca\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u7684\u5854\u697c\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5c06\u5f00\u51ff\u7684\u77f3\u5757\u8fdb\u884c\u7e41\u7410\u7684\u5207\u5272\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u6210\u4e3a\u6574\u9f50\u7684\u957f\u65b9\u4f53\u3002\u77f3\u7816\u88ab\u767d\u8272\u6216\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u77f3\u818f\u4ed4\u7ec6\u800c\u7d27\u5bc6\u5730\u8d34\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6784\u7b51\u51fa\u623f\u5c4b\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u5899\u58c1\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u6751\u843d\u4e2d\u6bd4\u539f\u5148\u66f4\u9ad8\u5927\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5bff\u547d\u3002\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u5df2\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u767e\u5ea7\u5854\u697c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5854\u697c\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u9632\u5fa1\u5821\u5792\u6216\u907f\u96be\u6240\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77ad\u671b\u53f0\u4ee5\u4f9b\u5929\u6587\u89c2\u6d4b\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u90e8\u65cf\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u5728\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5854\u697c\u5730\u4e0b\u8fd8\u4fee\u7b51\u4e86\u901a\u5f80\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u5706\u5f62\u796d\u7940\u5efa\u7b51\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u74e6\uff08Kiva\uff09\u7684\u6697\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5854\u697c\u4e0e\u796d\u7940\u548c\u795e\u6027\u7684\u5173\u8054\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Compared to earlier Puebloan ruins, the cliff constructions of this period feature more complex structures and iconic towers. People meticulously cut the quarried stones to form neat rectangular blocks. These stone bricks were carefully and closely fitted together with white or red plaster to create multiple walls, providing the larger buildings in the village with extended lifespans. To date, Mesa Verde has revealed over a hundred towers. These towers served various purposes, such as defensive fortifications or shelters, observatories for astronomical observations, or protection of the tribe’s acquired natural resources. In later periods, some towers were connected underground to circular Puebloan ceremonial buildings called “Kivas,” which may indicate a connection between the towers and rituals or spirituality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ad8\u5854\u4f7f\u5f97\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u66f4\u52a0\u9519\u843d\u6709\u81f4\uff0c\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u65e9\u671f\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u9057\u5740\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u7f8e\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, these tall towers give Mesa Verde’s architecture a more staggered and visually appealing appearance, showcasing a sense of aesthetics that was not evident in earlier Puebloan sites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u60f3\u8981\u611f\u77e5\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u7a7f\u8fc7\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u5c0f\u5f84\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u4e00\u5904\u4eba\u8ff9\u7f55\u81f3\u7684\u60ac\u5d16\u5efa\u7b51\u2014\u2014\u9a6c\u514b\u676f\u5c4b\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u6e38\u5ba2\u4e91\u96c6\u7684\u957f\u5c4b\u548c\u60ac\u5d16\u5bab\uff0c\u8fd9\u5904\u9057\u8ff9\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u641c\u5230\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u966a\u540c\u4e0b\u524d\u5f80\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To experience the life of the Puebloans at that time, you need to pass through the old path and head to a rarely visited cliff dwelling called “Mug House.” Unlike the popular tourist destinations of “Long House” and “Cliff Palace,” this archaeological site cannot be found on maps, and you must be accompanied by a national park ranger to reach it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9ad8\u539f\u4e94\u6708\u4e0a\u5348\u7684\u9633\u5149\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e9b\u6bd2\u8fa3\uff0c\u8d70\u4e0b\u9661\u5ced\u7684\u5c71\u5761\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u4f1a\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u7247\u80cc\u9634\u7684\u5ca9\u58c1\u3002\u6cbf\u7740\u5ca9\u58c1\u8fb9\u7f18\u4fee\u7b51\u597d\u7684\u6728\u677f\u8def\u8d70\uff0c\u7a7f\u8fc7\u53e4\u65e7\u7684\u5ca9\u753b\u6d1e\u7a74\uff0c\u7ef5\u5ef6\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u676f\u5c4b\u5c31\u5c06\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u9762\u524d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the harsh May morning sunlight of the plateau, descending the steep hill, you will face a shaded rock wall. Follow the well-built wooden boardwalk along the edge of the rock wall, pass through ancient rock art caves, and the extensive Mug House will come into view before you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u5904\u9057\u5740\u56e0\u5f53\u5e74\u53d1\u6398\u51fa\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u9676\u5236\u9a6c\u514b\u676f\u800c\u5f97\u540d\uff0c\u9057\u8ff9\u5185\u90e8\u81f3\u4eca\u8fd8\u6563\u843d\u7740\u4e0d\u5c11\u7834\u788e\u7684\u9676\u7247\u3002\u9057\u5740\u6b63\u5bf9\u7740\u4e00\u7247\u7a00\u6811\u5ce1\u8c37\u3002\u7ad9\u5728\u5de8\u5927\u57fa\u74e6\u7684\u524d\u9762\u5411\u8fdc\u65b9\u770b\u53bb\uff0c\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u53f0\u5730\u88ab\u6b63\u5348\u7684\u9633\u5149\u7167\u5f97\u60e8\u767d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This site is named after the three pottery mugs that were excavated there in the past. Even today, many fragmented pieces of pottery can be found scattered inside the ruins. The site faces a sparsely wooded canyon. Standing in front of the massive adobe walls and looking into the distance, the opposite plateau was bathed in the harsh noon sunlight, appearing pale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5ce1\u8c37\u5185\u5e72\u70ed\u7684\u98ce\u6447\u6643\u811a\u4e0b\u7684\u677e\u67cf\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5c71\u58c1\u9634\u5f71\u7684\u51b7\u5374\uff0c\u8f7b\u8f7b\u62c2\u8fc7\u6211\u7684\u8138\u5e9e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u523b\uff0c\u6211\u4eff\u4f5b\u8eab\u5904\u516b\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u590f\u65e5\uff0c\u611f\u53d7\u90a3\u4efd\u4e0e\u6b64\u5730\u5c45\u6c11\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u836b\u51c9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The juniper trees and cedars beneath my feet were swayed by the hot and dry wind inside the canyon. After being cooled by the shadows of the cliffs, it gently brushed against my face. At that moment, I felt as if I was transported back eight centuries to a summer day, experiencing the same coolness that the ancient inhabitants of this place once felt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u7247\u5ce1\u8c37\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u4e0e\u4eca\u5929\u522b\u65e0\u4e8c\u81f4\uff0c\u6867\u6811\u3001\u677e\u6811\u3001\u82b1\u65d7\u677e\u3001\u6a61\u6811\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5728\u9057\u5740\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u690d\u7269\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u5c71\u4e18\u4e0a\u751f\u957f\u3002\u9ad8\u539f\u6574\u4f53\u5e72\u71e5\u5c11\u6c34\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u4f7f\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u8fd9\u7247\u571f\u5730\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u72ec\u7279\u800c\u8282\u6c34\u7684\u65f1\u5730\u519c\u4e1a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u79cd\u690d\u9002\u5e94\u5e72\u65f1\u7684\u4f5c\u7269\uff0c\u5728\u6625\u5929\u5316\u96ea\u7684\u6f6e\u6e7f\u571f\u58e4\u4e0a\u64ad\u79cd\u3002\u5c71\u8c37\u5c06\u5728\u4e03\u516b\u6708\u4efd\u8fce\u6765\u7a0d\u591a\u7684\u964d\u96e8\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f5c\u7269\u751f\u957f\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6c34\u5206\u3002\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u8fd8\u5c06\u591a\u4f59\u7684\u964d\u6c34\u6536\u96c6\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f9b\u7f3a\u6c34\u7684\u65f1\u5b63\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5728\u8c37\u7269\u4e30\u6536\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u79cd\u690d\u7684\u8c46\u5b50\u548c\u7389\u7c73\u6652\u5e72\u540e\u8d2e\u5b58\u5728\u623f\u5c4b\u7684\u9ad8\u5904\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u9ecf\u571f\u5bc6\u5c01\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u9a6f\u517b\u706b\u9e21\u548c\u72d7\uff0c\u5e76\u5229\u7528\u571f\u5730\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff1a\u677e\u6811\u3001\u4ed9\u4eba\u638c\u3001\u84d6\u9ebb\u548c\u5411\u65e5\u8475\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u4f3c\u7c97\u653e\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u5b9e\u9645\u4f9d\u8d56\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u771f\u771f\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5730\u4f9b\u517b\u4e86\u5728\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u5468\u56f4\u5c71\u8c37\u751f\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u4eca\u65e5\u6570\u91cf\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For a thousand years, the climate of this canyon has remained unchanged, and the juniper, pine, Douglas fir, oak, and other plants found at the archaeological site continue to thrive on the hills. The overall arid and water-scarce characteristics of the plateau led the people living in this land to develop a unique and water-efficient dryland agriculture. They planted drought-resistant crops and sowed them in the moist soil resulting from the spring snowmelt. The valleys would receive slightly more rainfall in July and August, providing the necessary water for crop growth. During this time, the Ancestral Puebloans also collected excess rainwater to use during the dry season when water was scarce. After a bountiful grain harvest, they dried and stored beans and corn in elevated areas of their houses, sealed with clay. They domesticated turkeys and dogs and made use of everything the land offered: pine trees, cacti, castor beans, and sunflowers. This seemingly extensive agriculture actually relied on the farmers’ wealth of experience and effectively supported a larger population of inhabitants in the surrounding valleys than what exists today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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@Una Vida, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Una Vida, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Una Vida, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Una Vida, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Una Vida, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Hungo Pavi, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The entrance of Chaco Canyon National Monument<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u548c\u5f53\u5e74\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u5411\u5317\u8fc1\u5f99\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u97e6\u745f\u91cc\u5c14\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u76ee\u5149\u6295\u5411\u4e86\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u5357\u65b9\u3002\u5728\u5341\u4e8c\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u7684\u5927\u5e72\u65f1\u524d\uff0c\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u6587\u660e\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u5357\u9762\u7ea6\u4e00\u767e\u82f1\u91cc\u7684\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u3002\u8fd9\u5904\u5ce1\u8c37\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u66f4\u52a0\u504f\u8fdc\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4ece\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u514b\u57fa\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5f00\u8f66\u8fd1\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u5e76\u5c0f\u5fc3\u7ffc\u7ffc\u7a7f\u8fc7\u6700\u540e\u56db\u5341\u82f1\u91cc\u7684\u98a0\u7c38\u7684\u70c2\u6ce5\u571f\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In contrast to the Ancestral Puebloans\u2019 northward migration, Richard Wetherill turned his attention towards the unknown south. Before the severe drought of the mid-12th century, the center of the Ancestral Puebloans was in the Chaco Canyon, approximately one hundred miles south of Mesa Verde. This canyon was even more remote compared to Mesa Verde. Even today, departing from Albuquerque, it takes nearly three hours of driving, carefully navigating the rough, muddy roads for the last forty miles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u5185\u89c4\u6a21\u5e9e\u5927\u800c\u7cbe\u7ec6\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u663e\u7136\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u8352\u51c9\u5e72\u65f1\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0d\u76f8\u79f0\u3002\u5728\u516c\u5143\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u7247\u8c37\u5730\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f3c\u5982\u4eca\u8fd9\u822c\u8352\u829c\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u6e7f\u6da6\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u662f\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u80fd\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u53d1\u5c55\u6587\u660e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u5efa\u7b51\u80cc\u9760\u60ac\u5d16\u800c\u5efa\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u90fd\u5448\u73b0\u88ab\u89c4\u5212\u8fc7\u7684 D \u5b57\u5f62\u3002\u5ce1\u8c37\u4e2d\u95f4\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u5df2\u7ecf\u5e72\u6db8\u7684\u65e7\u6cb3\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u6700\u62e5\u6324\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e3a\u6b64\u5730\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u996e\u7528\u548c\u8015\u79cd\u6c34\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The vast and intricate architecture within Chaco Canyon is clearly incongruous with the current barren and arid environment. Around a thousand years ago, this valley was not as desolate as it appears today, and a relatively humid climate provided the foundation for the development of the Ancestral Puebloans here. The artificial structures were built against the cliffs and mostly followed a planned D-shape layout. In the middle of the canyon, there was a now-dry old riverbed that served as a water source for drinking and cultivation during the peak population of Chaco Canyon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u98ce\u6c99\u4f7f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u5efa\u7b51\u4e3a\u6c99\u571f\u548c\u690d\u88ab\u6240\u63a9\u76d6\uff0c\u65f6\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u5185\u4e24\u5343\u4f59\u4e2a\u8003\u53e4\u9057\u5740\u53ea\u88ab\u6316\u6398\u51fa\u4e86\u5f88\u5c11\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the centuries, wind and sand have covered most of the artificial structures with sand and vegetation. As a result, to this day, only a small fraction of the more than two thousand archaeological sites within Chaco Canyon have been excavated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9057\u5740\u4e2d\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u6700\u5927\u4e5f\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u662f Pueblo Bonito\uff08\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u610f\u4e3a\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u6751\u843d\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5ea7\u5b8f\u4f1f\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u4e3b\u8981\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5e86\u5178\u4eea\u5f0f\u3001\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u50a8\u5b58\u7269\u8d44\u3001\u63a5\u5f85\u8bbf\u5ba2\u3001\u5929\u6587\u89c2\u6d4b\u4ee5\u53ca\u57cb\u846c\u5c0a\u8d35\u7684\u6b7b\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u5ea7\u5efa\u7b51\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u7684\u201c\u67e5\u79d1\u5927\u623f\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u9ad8\u8d85\u7684\u77f3\u5de5\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7956\u5148\u96be\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u623f\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5927\u623f\u95f4\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c8\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u57fa\u74e6\u5efa\u9020\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u623f\u95f4\u7684\u95e8\u6d1e\u662f\u5bf9\u9f50\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7816\u77f3\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among these sites, the largest and most famous one is Pueblo Bonito (which means “beautiful village” in Spanish). This magnificent structure was primarily used for religious and political purposes, including ceremonial rituals, administrative management, storage of goods, hosting visitors, astronomical observations, and burial of esteemed individuals. It is also one of the most iconic “Great Houses” of Chaco Canyon. The residents of Chaco Canyon utilized advanced stone masonry techniques of their time to construct incredibly large rooms that their ancestors could hardly have imagined. These large rooms were arranged around one enclosed kiva after another. Typically, the doorways of the rooms were aligned and featured a distinctive brick-and-stone construction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6574\u4e2a D \u5b57\u5f62\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u62e5\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7 600 \u4e2a\u3001\u603b\u5360\u5730\u8fbe\u4e09\u82f1\u4ea9\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u90e8\u5206\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u9ad8\u8fbe\u56db\u81f3\u4e94\u5c42\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0cPueblo Bonito \u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5e7f\u573a\u3002\u5e7f\u573a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5927\u57fa\u74e6\u5185\u73af\u7ed5\u7740\u4e00\u5708\u77f3\u5236\u5ea7\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u5e03\u6709\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7816\u77f3\u706b\u5751\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u666e\u901a\u57fa\u74e6\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u5982\u540c\u5c0f\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5355\u4f53\u5efa\u7b51\u88ab\u539a\u8fbe 3 \u82f1\u5c3a\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u7816\u77f3\u5899\u5305\u56f4\uff0c\u4e0e\u5916\u754c\u5206\u5272\u5f00\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The entire D-shaped structure comprises over 600 rooms, covering an area of three acres in total. In some areas, the enclosed rooms reach up to four or five stories high. Additionally, at the center of Pueblo Bonito, there are two enormous plazas. The central plaza is surrounded by a circle of stone seats and contains a series of stone-lined hearths, a feature distinct from other ordinary kivas. The entire monolithic building, resembling a small city, is enclosed by massive three-foot-thick stone walls, effectively separating it from the outside world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5efa\u8bbe\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u578b\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u53ea\u80fd\u9760\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u67e5\u79d1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5927\u578b\u9057\u5740\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u8fbe\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u9996\u5c3e\u63a5\u529b\u3002\u5efa\u8bbe\u8005\u4e3a\u5efa\u7b51\u91c7\u77f3\uff0c\u5728\u8fdc\u5904\u7684\u5c71\u4e0a\u780d\u4f10\u6728\u6750\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5efa\u7b51\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7ad6\u8d77\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u623f\u5757\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u6c34\u575d\u548c\u8fd0\u6cb3\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u7b14\u76f4\u800c\u7eb5\u6a2a\u4ea4\u9519\u7684\u5927\u9053\uff0c\u5c06\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u4e0e\u66f4\u52a0\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u793e\u533a\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bbd\u9614\u7684\u53f2\u524d\u9053\u8def\u7f51\u7edc\u4ee5\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5411\u56db\u5468\u8f90\u5c04\u5e76\u5e03\u6ee1\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u65b0\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5dde\u897f\u5317\u89d2\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9879\u76ee\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u590d\u6742\u7684\u89c4\u5212\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee5\u53ca\u533a\u57df\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u4ece\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\u81f3\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u540e\u4ee3\u4eba\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u524d\u8f88\u7684\u811a\u6b65\uff0c\u4e00\u6b65\u4e00\u6b65\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u3001\u4ee5\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6587\u660e\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The construction of such large-scale buildings clearly could not have been accomplished by just one generation’s efforts. Chaco’s numerous monumental sites appear more like a relay spanning three hundred years. The builders quarried stones, felled timber from distant mountains, and erected massive masonry during the construction process. People constructed dams and canals, designed straight and intersecting roadways, connecting Chaco Canyon with more remote communities. These wide prehistoric road networks centered around Chaco Canyon and radiated outward, covering the entire northwestern New Mexico. All of these projects required complex planning, organization, and cooperation among the Ancestral Puebloans. From the 9th to the 11th centuries, succeeding generations followed in their ancestors’ footsteps, step by step, creating a unique civilization centered around Chaco Canyon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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@Hungo Pavi, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Pueblo Bonito, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Pueblo Bonito, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Chetru Ketl, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Pueblo del Arroyo, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Pueblo del Arroyo, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Chaco Canyon National Monument<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b8f\u5927\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u8bf8\u5982 Pueblo Bonito \u6216\u8005 Chetru Ketl \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5efa\u7b51\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96c4\u4f1f\u5947\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u65e0\u6570\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e26\u661f\u7f57\u68cb\u5e03\u7684\u5c0f\u6751\u5e84\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5efa\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6751\u5e84\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u4e0e\u5ce1\u8c37\u5185\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u76f8\u6bd4\u6781\u4e3a\u7b80\u964b\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u5efa\u7b51\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u5c81\u6708\u4fb5\u8680\u5f97\u53ea\u5269\u5730\u57fa\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u6751\u5e84\u6709\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u795e\u9f9b\u6216\u796d\u7940\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u4f4d\u4e8e\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u7a0d\u504f\u8fdc\u5730\u5e26\u7684 Casa Rinconadas \u4fbf\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u5927\u57fa\u74e6\uff0c\u5e76\u5177\u6709\u5927\u57fa\u74e6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5178\u578b\u5143\u7d20\uff1a\u7816\u77f3\u706b\u5751\u3001\u7816\u77f3\u62f1\u9876\u4ee5\u53ca\u73af\u7ed5\u57fa\u74e6\u7684\u58c1\u9f9b\u548c\u7816\u77f3\u5ea7\u4f4d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u57fa\u74e6\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u4ece\u5c71\u810a\u4e2d\u6316\u51fa\u7684\u957f\u5730\u4e0b\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5236\u9020\u796d\u7940\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u5916\u201c\u60ca\u559c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This grand civilization not only comprised central structures like Pueblo Bonito or Chetro Ketl but was also supported by countless small villages scattered throughout the region. Although these villages were contemporaneous with the structures in the canyon, their buildings were much simpler in comparison, and many have been eroded by time, leaving only their foundations. Some villages had their independent shrines or ceremonial centers. Casa Rinconada, located in a slightly remote area of Chaco Canyon, is a representative example. It is an isolated great kiva and exhibits all the typical features of such structures: masonry hearth, masonry benches, niches, and walls surrounding the kiva. This great kiva even has a long underground passageway dug into the ridge, used for unexpected “surprises” during ceremonial rituals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f53\u4f1a\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b8f\u5927\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5efa\u7b51\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u6cbf\u7740\u5ca9\u58c1\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u5c0f\u9053\uff0c\u722c\u4e0a Pueblo Bonito \u80cc\u540e\u7684\u60ac\u5d16\u3002\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u5728\u60ac\u5d16\u4e4b\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u6a21\u7a0d\u5c0f\u7684\u796d\u7940\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u8981\u5ba3\u8a93\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u5929\u7684\u8fde\u7ed3\u3002\u6cbf\u7740\u60ac\u5d16\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u5c0f\u8def\u8d70\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4fef\u77b0 Pueblo Bonito \u548c Chetro Ketl \u8fd9\u4e24\u5904\u5ce1\u8c37\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u7fa4\u5982\u540c\u4e00\u5f20\u5927\u997c\u4e00\u6837\u644a\u5f00\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u5f62\u72b6\u548c\u5927\u623f\u95f4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u5c55\u73b0\u5f97\u4e00\u6e05\u4e8c\u695a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u611f\u89c9\u4e0e\u5728\u6b8b\u57a3\u65ad\u58c1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u523b\uff0c\u4f60\u624d\u4f1a\u771f\u6b63\u660e\u767d\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u5de7\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best way to appreciate these grand central buildings in Chaco Canyon is by following an ancient path along the cliffside and climbing up the cliffs behind Pueblo Bonito. The Ancestral Puebloans also constructed a slightly smaller ceremonial structure on top of the cliffs, seemingly to affirm their connection with the heavens. Walking along the edge of the cliffs, you can overlook Pueblo Bonito and Chetro Ketl, the two central cores of the canyon, from different angles. The vast buildings spread out before you like a large pancake, revealing the geometric shapes of the structures and the interconnections between the large rooms. This feeling is completely different from exploring among the ruins; only at this moment do you truly understand the astonishing ingenuity of the Ancestral Puebloans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\u518d\u8f89\u714c\u7684\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u7ec8\u7a76\u6709\u5979\u8870\u8d25\u7684\u4e00\u5929\u3002\u516c\u5143\u5341\u4e8c\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u957f\u8fbe\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u65f1\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5ce1\u8c37\u5185\u7684\u65b0\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u780c\u7b51\u98ce\u683c\u548c\u77f3\u5934\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0e\u65e9\u671f\u5efa\u7b51\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u5317\u65b9\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u751f\u6001\u73af\u5883\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u4e16\u4ee3\u5c45\u4f4f\u4e8e\u6b64\u7684\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u9010\u6b65\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However magnificent a civilization may be, it will eventually experience its decline. In the 12th century AD, Chaco Canyon faced a prolonged drought that lasted for fifty years. During the same period, the construction style of new buildings within the canyon and the stones themselves became drastically different from the earlier architecture, resembling more the style found in the northern region (Mesa Verde). It could have been due to invasions from the north or simply the collapse of the ecological environment and agriculture, but the Ancestral Puebloans who had inhabited the area for generations gradually abandoned it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pueblo Bonito \u4e2d\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e09\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u5893\u5730\u5728\u7ea6 1130 \u5e74\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002\u968f\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5168\u9762\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u5916\u56f4\u6751\u843d\u548c\u793e\u533a\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u9510\u51cf\uff0c\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u5185\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u7fa4\u88ab\u8fc5\u901f\u5e9f\u5f03\u3002\u5982\u540c\u524d\u4e00\u8282\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4e00\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5c45\u6c11\u8fc1\u5f80\u4e86\u5317\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The elite funeral practices that persisted in Pueblo Bonito for over three hundred years came to an end around 1130 AD. As the society experienced a complete collapse, the population in the surrounding villages and communities sharply declined, leading to the rapid abandonment of the architectural complexes within Chaco Canyon. As mentioned earlier, a significant portion of the population migrated northward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
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@Chetru Ketl, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Kin Kletso, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Pueblo Bonito, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Pueblo Bonito, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Casa Rinconadas, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Casa Rinconadas, NM, 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Chaco Canyon National Monument<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e09\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c45\u6c11\u8fc1\u5f80\u4e86\u5317\u65b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4eec\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u5317\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rather than saying the Ancestral Puebloans migrated to the north, it is more accurate to say they returned to the north.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u65e9\u4e8e\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u5174\u76db\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u5c31\u662f\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u65e9\u5728\u516c\u5143\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u5b9a\u5c45\u3002\u8fd9\u7247\u533a\u57df\u9664\u4e86\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u548c\u4e34\u8fd1\u7684\u6c34\u6e90\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u730e\u7269\u53ef\u4f9b\u72e9\u730e\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u534a\u6e38\u7267\u751f\u6d3b\u9010\u6b65\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u5b9a\u5c45\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the era preceding the prosperity of Chaco Canyon, Mesa Verde was a cultural center for the Ancestral Puebloans. They had settled in Mesa Verde as early as the 6th century AD. The region offered fertile soil, proximity to water sources, and abundant wildlife for hunting, which facilitated the transition from a semi-nomadic lifestyle to settled agriculture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u8015\u4f5c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u6b21\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u5f85\u4e0a\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u751a\u81f3\u51e0\u5e74\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u4e86\u89e3\u571f\u58e4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e86\u89e3\u53ef\u4ee5\u79cd\u690d\u548c\u57f9\u80b2\u5230\u6210\u719f\u548c\u6536\u83b7\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u690d\u7269\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“To farm meant being in one location for months and years at a time. It allowed them to get to know the soil, and to learn the kinds of plants that could be grown and nurtured through maturity and through harvest.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u968f\u7740\u8015\u79cd\u7684\u4f5c\u7269\u5982\u7389\u7c73\u3001\u8c46\u7c7b\u548c\u5357\u74dc\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u996e\u98df\u4e2d\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u9020\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u77f3\u5c4b\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u4f4f\u5b85\u3002\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u70f9\u996a\u548c\u50a8\u5b58\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u66fe\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6728\u5236\u63d0\u7bee\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u5236\u4f5c\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6837\u7684\u9676\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As corn, beans, and squash grew increasingly essential in their diet, these early farmers embarked on constructing permanent dwellings called pithouses. Mastering cooking and storage techniques prompted them to forsake the once widely used wooden baskets in favor of crafting diverse pottery vessels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u533a\u57df\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u66f4\u5927\u578b\u7684\u6751\u843d\u3002\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u4ece\u5c0f\u800c\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u534a\u5730\u4e0b\u77f3\u5c4b\u4e2d\u79bb\u5f00\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5730\u9762\u4e0a\u4fee\u5efa\u66f4\u5927\u578b\u7684\u3001\u7531\u6728\u6746\u548c\u571f\u576f\u5236\u6210\u7684\u4f4f\u623f\u3002\u539f\u672c\u5730\u4e0b\u7684\u77f3\u5c4b\u5219\u6f14\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u6df1\u5ea6\u66f4\u6df1\u7684\u5751\u9053\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5751\u9053\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0d\u518d\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u5bb6\u5ead\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u6574\u4e2a\u6751\u843d\u5171\u4eab\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u805a\u4f1a\u573a\u6240\u548c\u4e3e\u884c\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u7eba\u7ec7\u3001\u73e0\u5b9d\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u5236\u9020\u7b49\u624b\u5de5\u827a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u957f\u8db3\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u9676\u5668\u4e5f\u4ece\u5355\u8c03\u7684\u7070\u8272\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e86\u9ed1\u767d\u76f8\u95f4\u7684\u82b1\u7eb9\u3002\u968f\u7740\u519c\u4e1a\u7684\u7e41\u76db\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e26\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u6025\u5267\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u516c\u5143\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u9876\u5cf0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the following three centuries, the Mesa Verde region witnessed the emergence of larger villages. The Ancestral Puebloans departed from the small and isolated semi-subterranean pithouses and began constructing larger houses above ground, made from wooden poles and adobe. The original underground pithouses evolved into deeper pit structures. These newly established pit structures were no longer primarily used for individual households but were shared by the entire village, serving as gathering places and ceremonial sites. Craftsmanship, including textile production, jewelry making, and tool crafting, flourished, and pottery evolved from simple gray to intricate black-and-white designs. With the prosperity of agriculture, the population density in the area sharply increased, reaching its peak in the 9th century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53ef\u662f\u6587\u660e\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u90fd\u53ea\u5c06\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u968f\u7740\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u5728\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u672c\u5730\u8d8a\u53d1\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u5e72\u65f1\uff0c\u4e16\u5c45\u4e8e\u6b64\u7684\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u91cf\u5357\u8fc1\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u8fc1\u51fa\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8fc7\u4e86\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u5c31\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u5e9f\u5f03\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u623f\u5c4b\u4e5f\u56e0\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u52b3\u529b\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u7c97\u5236\u6ee5\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As civilizations develop to a certain extent, they tend to gravitate towards a single center of influence. With Chaco Canyon gaining increasing prominence in the 9th century and the Mesa Verde region experiencing unpredictable droughts, the Ancestral Puebloans who had long inhabited the area started migrating southward in large numbers. As a result of this continuous outmigration, many buildings were abandoned after only a few decades. The construction of new houses also suffered, becoming more rudimentary due to a lack of technology and labor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u98ce\u683c\u4e5f\u88ab\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5efa\u4e8e\u516c\u5143 1000 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u8fdc\u666f\u5c4b\uff08Far View House\uff09\u5b8c\u5168\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u67e5\u79d1\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u5927\u623f\u5b50\u5f0f\u5efa\u7b51\u3002\u81ea\u59cb\u81f3\u7ec8\uff0c\u8fdc\u666f\u5730\u533a\u90fd\u662f\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u7a20\u5bc6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u67e5\u79d1\u5f0f\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6e17\u900f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During this period, the architectural style was influenced by Chaco Canyon, as evidenced by structures like the Far View House, which was built around 1000 AD and fully adopted the Chacoan-style great-house architecture. Throughout this period, the Far View region remained the most densely populated area in Mesa Verde, clearly indicating the widespread influence of the advanced Chacoan way of life in Mesa Verde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6240\u4ee5\u5f53\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u5728\u5341\u4e8c\u4e16\u7eaa\u7ecf\u5386\u6c89\u91cd\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u540e\uff0c\u8fc1\u56de\u6b64\u5730\u7684\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u9762\u5bf9\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u719f\u6089\u53c8\u964c\u751f\u7684\u201c\u6545\u4e61\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, when the Chaco Canyon suffered a heavy blow in the twelfth century, the Ancestral Puebloans, who later returned to this place, faced a familiar yet unfamiliar “homeland”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u533a\u57df\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u6bb5\u53cd\u590d\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u9057\u8ff9\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5148\u8f88\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002\u540e\u8f88\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e00\u6837\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ffd\u6c42\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8bb6\u7136\u56de\u5f52\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u8005\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9700\u8981\u548c\u5f53\u524d\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u5bf9\u524d\u4eba\u9057\u7559\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u548c\u6751\u5e84\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u9020\u4e0e\u6269\u5efa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This has resulted in the common occurrence of the Mesa Verde, with remnants of the same area being repeatedly rebuilt in different historical periods. Their ancestors left this place in search of a better life, and their descendants, similarly driven by the pursuit of a better life, returned unexpectedly. These later generations of builders, based on their needs and the prevailing architectural styles of their time, modified and expanded upon the structures and villages left behind by their predecessors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
@Pipe Shrine, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Coyote Village, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Cedar Tree Tower, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Spruce Tree House, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Square Tower House, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
@Sun Temple, CO, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Mesa Top Loop<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u97e6\u745f\u91cc\u5c14\u53f0\u5730\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5904\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6751\u5e84\u5e7f\u573a\u3002\u5e7f\u573a\u7684\u4e00\u8fb9\u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u516c\u5143 1258 \u5e74\u7684\u5854\u697c\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u8fb9\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5efa\u4e8e\u5927\u7ea6 200 \u5e74\u524d\u7684\u57fa\u74e6\u3002\u4ece\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5899\u58c1\u5c31\u80fd\u8f7b\u6613\u770b\u51fa\u5176\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Wetherill Mesa features a village plaza showcasing this type of village development. On one side of the plaza stands a tower that dates back to around 1258 AD, while on the other side is a kiva built approximately 200 years ago. The walls of these structures clearly display the differences in their ages:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5854\u697c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u623f\u5c4b\u7684\u5899\u58c1\u7531\u7cbe\u5fc3\u6253\u5236\u7684\u5ca9\u77f3\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u5e76\u5c0f\u5fc3\u5730\u6392\u6210\u6574\u9f50\u7684\u884c\u5217\u3002\u65b0\u780c\u7684\u5899\u58c1\u91cc\u5916\u5404\u6709\u4e00\u5c42\u77f3\u7816\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u586b\u6ee1\u4e86\u6ce5\u571f\u548c\u7c97\u7cd9\u7684\u77f3\u5934\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c97\u7cd9\u7684\u77f3\u5934\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u81ea\u66f4\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u90a3\u4e2a\u8f83\u65e9\u7684\u57fa\u74e6\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5899\u58c1\u53ea\u6709\u5355\u72ec\u4e00\u5c42\u88ab\u7c97\u7565\u4fee\u6574\u7684\u77f3\u5934\uff0c\u5899\u4f53\u4e5f\u66f4\u52a0\u51f9\u51f8\u4e0d\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The tower’s walls are constructed from carefully crafted rocks, precisely aligned in neat rows. The newly rebuilt walls have an outer and inner layer of stone bricks filled with mud and rough stones. These rough stones likely originated from earlier constructions, such as the older kiva. The kiva’s walls, on the other hand, have only one layer of roughly trimmed stones, making the walls more uneven and irregular in appearance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u540c\u6837\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u8fdc\u666f\u5730\u533a\u548c\u67e5\u5e73\u53f0\u5730\u3002\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u56de\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u603b\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e7\u7684\u77f3\u5934\u548c\u65b0\u7684\u6728\u6750\u4fee\u847a\u88ab\u4ed6\u4eec\u7956\u5148\u629b\u5f03\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u623f\u5c4b\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e5f\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u968f\u610f\u6027\u3002\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u67e5\u79d1\u5f0f\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u63d0\u524d\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u5bb9\u79ef\u7387\u770b\u51fa\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d44\u6e90\u53d7\u9650\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u5174\u76db\u7684\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u603b\u662f\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6700\u5927\u5316\u5229\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u533a\u57df\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u7981\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similar constructions can also be found in the Far View area and the Chapin Mesa. When people returned to these places, they tended to use some old stones and new wood to repair the rooms that were abandoned by their ancestors. This kind of construction adds a sense of randomness to the Mesa Verde architecture. Unlike the pre-planned Chacoan architecture, the buildings here seem to lack a unified set of standards. This can also be seen in the volume of Mesa Verde buildings. Perhaps due to limited resources, the resurgence of Mesa Verde always maximizes the use of space in any possible way, with no area considered off-limits for construction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u7684\u8fd9\u573a\u201c\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u201d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u6301\u7eed\u592a\u4e45\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ece\u5efa\u7b51\u6280\u5de7\u548c\u827a\u672f\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u529f\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u8fd9\u91cc\u8870\u843d\u5f97\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u66f4\u52a0\u5f7b\u5e95\u3002\u5728\u5341\u4e09\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u5728\u60ac\u5d16\u5bab\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u5c71\u9876\u89c4\u5212\u5e76\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u592a\u9633\u795e\u5e99\u3002\u8fd9\u5ea7\u795e\u5e99\u6709\u7740\u7c7b\u4f3c\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u7684 D \u5b57\u5f62\u8f6e\u5ed3\uff0c\u5374\u65e2\u6ca1\u6709\u5c4b\u9876\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c11\u6709\u6587\u7269\u51fa\u571f\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u8fd9\u5ea7\u795e\u5e99\u53ea\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5929\u6587\u89c2\u6d4b\uff0c\u4f46\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5219\u662f\u8fd9\u5ea7\u5efa\u7b51\u4ece\u672a\u5b8c\u5de5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The “Renaissance” of Mesa Verde did not last long. Despite surpassing Chaco Canyon in architectural techniques and artistry, Mesa Verde eventually declined even more thoroughly than Chaco. In the thirteenth century, the residents of Mesa Verde planned and built a massive Sun Temple on the mountaintop opposite the Cliff Palace. This temple had a D-shaped outline similar to Chaco Canyon but lacked a roof and yielded few artifacts. Perhaps this temple was used for astronomical observations, but it is more likely that the construction was never completed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u4e00\u5904\u89e3\u8bf4\u724c\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u516c\u5143 1225 \u5e74\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60ac\u5d16\u4e0a\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u7ecf\u5386\u8bb8\u591a\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5728\u5927\u7ea6 75 \u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5bb6\u4eba\u4ece\u5c71\u9876\u8fc1\u5f80\u60ac\u5d16\u5c4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u6700\u62e5\u6324\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u9ad8\u5cf0\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u603b\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The caption on a national park interpretive sign reads: “Children born in one of these cliff dwellings in 1225 CE experienced many changes in their lifetime. Over the course of roughly 75 years, they and their families witnessed the migration from mesa top villages into alcove communities; a significant peak in the area\u2019s population; and then the final exodus from the entire region.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u573a\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u5d29\u6e83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u67e5\u79d1\u5ce1\u8c37\u3001\u5c1a\u90fd\u9ad8\u539f\uff08Shonto Plateau\uff09\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u56db\u5dde\u4ea4\u754c\u5730\u533a\u5168\u90fd\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4eba\u53e3\u9510\u51cf\u3002\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u518d\u6b21\u8fc1\u5f80\u66f4\u8fdc\u7684\u5357\u65b9\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u5177\u4f53\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u6b21\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5468\u671f\u6027\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u75d5\u8ff9\u3002\u4eba\u53e3\u81a8\u80c0\u548c\u90e8\u65cf\u51b2\u7a81\u4f7f\u5f97\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u7684\u690d\u88ab\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u53f0\u5730\u9876\u90e8\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u68f5\u6811\u4e8e 1281 \u5e74\u88ab\u780d\u5012\u3002\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u957f\u8fbe\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u65f1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This terrifying population collapse didn’t only occur in Mesa Verde, but also affected the entire Four Corner region, including the Chaco Canyon and the Shonto Plateau. The Ancestral Puebloans once again migrated to the south, but further away. Nobody knows the exact cause of this collapse. Archaeologists have found evidence of cyclical warfare here. The population expansion and tribal conflicts led to the disappearance of vegetation in Mesa Verde. The last tree on the mesa was cut down in the year 1281, following a prolonged drought lasting for twenty years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u5341\u4e09\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u53c8\u53d8\u5f97\u6084\u65e0\u4eba\u70df\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7ef5\u5ef6\u516b\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u5c31\u6b64\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u516b\u767e\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u6885\u8428\u7ef4\u5fb7\u591a\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u58ee\u89c2\u5374\u7a7a\u7a7a\u5982\u4e5f\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u7247\u79c3\u9876\u7684\u8352\u5c71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the end of the 13th century, Mesa Verde had become deserted once again. The agricultural civilization that had thrived for eight centuries came to an end. In contrast to eight centuries ago, Mesa Verde now had numerous spectacular yet empty buildings, as well as a barren mountain with a bald top.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
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@Navajo National Monument, AZ, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Navajo National Monument, AZ, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Pueblo Puerco, AZ, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Pueblo Puerco, AZ, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Newspaper Rock, AZ, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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@Newspaper Rock, UT, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Pueblo remains near Four Conner region<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c3e\u58f0\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u60ac\u5d16\u4e0a\u5c45\u4f4f\u4e86\u5927\u7ea6 150 \u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u8fc1\u5f99\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u666e\u57c3\u5c14\u79d1\u6cb3\uff08Puerco River\uff09\u8fb9\u5b89\u987f\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u7389\u7c73\u3001\u8c46\u5b50\u548c\u5357\u74dc\u7530\u5e03\u6ee1\u4e86\u6cb3\u8fb9\u7684\u6d2a\u6cdb\u533a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5ca9\u77f3\u4e0a\u523b\u4e0b\u592a\u9633\u7684\u65b9\u4f4d\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u6807\u8bb0\u590f\u81f3\u548c\u51ac\u81f3\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u8fd9\u5ea7\u6751\u5e84\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u9003\u79bb\u88ab\u9057\u5f03\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\uff0c\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5b9a\u5c45\u4e8e\u6b64\u7684\u53e4\u666e\u97e6\u5e03\u6d1b\u4eba\u518d\u6b21\u79bb\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After living on the cliffs for about 150 years, the Ancestral Puebloans migrated once again. Some of them settled along the Puerco River, where fields of corn, beans, and pumpkins adorned the floodplain. They carved the position of the sun on rocks to mark the dates of the summer and winter solstices. However, this village did not escape the fate of abandonment either. Over a hundred years later, the settled Ancestral Puebloans left once again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Some Puebloan villages have survived to this day, and the most famous among them is Taos Pueblo. The residents of Taos returned there after abandoning the village for a time. Today, this village with its millennia-long history stands alongside Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon as one of the three major world cultural heritage sites of the Puebloans. The distinctive and creatively designed architecture of Taos also provides countless inspirations for contemporary artists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Perhaps modern Puebloans have never forgotten the places where their ancestors lived. They orally pass down the stories of their ancestors after generations. Their descendants return to the ancestral sites to pray, leave offerings, and attempt to communicate with their deceased ancestors. Modern Puebloans regard these prehistoric sites as “footprints of their ancestors” and view the ongoing migrations as “the memory of their nation.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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And Richard Wetherill, the man who forever changed Pueblo archaeology, devoted his remaining years to Chaco Canyon. As his amateur excavations were discouraged by professional archaeologists, he turned to ranching and operating a trading post in Chaco Canyon. On June 10, 1910, he became involved in a dispute with the locals and tragically lost his life when he was shot by a Navajo youth. His remains were buried in a cemetery to the west of Pueblo Bonito. Later, his family also found their eternal rest there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
@Oljato-Monument Valley, AZ, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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\nIn contrast to eight centuries ago, Mesa Verde now had numerous spectacular yet empty buildings, as well as a barren mountain with a bald top.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":186,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[5],"class_list":["post-158","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-america"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edbalt.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/158","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edbalt.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edbalt.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edbalt.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edbalt.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=158"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edbalt.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/158\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edbalt.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/186"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edbalt.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=158"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edbalt.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=158"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edbalt.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}